Recent improvements in the field addressing optimization of mRNA translation and stability, modulation of immunogenicity and progress in mRNA vaccine delivery have contributed to vaccine platforms against infectious diseases and different types of cancers, showing encouraging results in both animal models and clinical trials. However, progress has been hampered by issues related to instability and low efficiency of in vivo delivery. Particularly, the utilization of mRNA due to its high potency, rapid production and development and safe administration has received plenty of attention. In this review, emphasis has been placed on tumor vaccines, but description of vaccines against pathogenic viruses has also been included as more progress has been made in this area, which can serve as encouragement for treatment and prevention of various types of cancer. RNA-based vaccines have become potentially promising as alternative approaches to conventional vaccine development. The need for novel and efficient vaccines has become even more evident due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has further highlighted the urgency in challenging emerging diseases. Preclinical and clinical applications of self-amplifying RNA viral vectors have proven efficient for vaccine development and due to the presence of RNA replicons, amplification of RNA in host cells will generate superior immune responses with significantly reduced amounts of RNA delivered. Moreover, clinical trials have demonstrated safe application of RNA viral vectors and even promising results in rhabdovirus-based phase III trials on an Ebola virus vaccine. Vaccination has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of viral pathogens and tumor cells. Self-amplifying RNA viral vectors have been used for high level expression of viral and tumor antigens, which in immunization studies have elicited strong cellular and humoral immune responses in animal models. Particularly, alphaviruses and flaviviruses can be administered as recombinant particles, layered DNA/RNA plasmid vectors carrying the RNA replicon and even RNA replicon molecules. In particular, a girl named Midori Chitose leaps off the bus and immediately embraces a very confused Yuusuke.Single-stranded RNA viruses such as alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses are characterized by their capacity of highly efficient self-amplification of RNA in host cells, which make them attractive vehicles for vaccine development. But as soon as the school bus with the girls arrives, things become weird, hormonal, and hysterical. Before any serious decisions are made, the girls have been invited to stay at Kanenone for one month as a test.Green Green follows Yuusuke Takazaki and his naughty room mates called the Baka (Idiot) Trio, and their ability to talk to the girls without making complete fools of themselves.
The boys of Kanenone are more than thrilled at the prospect, and the girls are curious as to how interesting school life might become if there were more boys around.
In order to help the psychological health of everyone involved, the school board has decided to try and merge with the nearest all-girl boarding school in order to become co-ed. Although an all-male school is nothing new, life can become quite difficult when there are no female students for miles around. Kanenone Gakuen is an all-male boarding school located in the countryside of Japan.